TSO-DSO-Customer coordination for purchasing flexibility system services: Challenges and lessons learned from a demonstration in Sweden

This paper presents a real-word implementation of a TSO-DSO-customer coordination framework for the use of flexibility to support system operation. First, we describe the general requirements for TSO-DSO-customer coordination, including potential coordination schemes, actors and roles and the required architecture. Then, we particularise those general requirements for a real-world demonstration in Sweden, aiming to avoid congestions in the grid during the high-demand winter season. In the light of current congestion management rules and existing markets in Sweden, we describe an integration path to newly defined flexibility markets in support of new tools that we developed for this application. The results show that the use of flexibility can reduce the congestion costs while enhancing the secure operation of the system. Additionally, we discuss challenges and lessons learned from the demonstration, including the importance of the engagement between stakeholders, the role of availability remuneration, and the paramount importance of defining appropriate technical requirements and market timings.This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement nº 824414

Öka acceptansgränsen för förnyelsebaraenergikällor med hjälp av lagring och kommunikation i smarta elnät

The use of electricity from Distributed Energy Resources like wind and solar powerwill impact the performance of the electricity network and this sets a limit to theamount of such renewables that can be connected. Investment in energy storage andcommunication technologies enables more renewables by operating the networkcloser to its limits. Electricity networks using such novel techniques are referred toas “Smart Grids”. Under favourable conditions the use of these techniques is analternative to traditional network planning like replacement of transformers orconstruction of new power line.The Hosting Capacity is an objective metric to determine the limit of an electricitynetwork to integrate new consumption or production. The goal is to create greatercomparability and transparency, thereby improving the factual base of discussionsbetween network operators and owners of Distributed Energy Resources on thequantity and type of generation that can be connected to a network. This thesisextends the Hosting Capacity method to the application of storage and curtailmentand develops additional metrics such as the Hosting Capacity Coefficient.The research shows how the different intermittency of renewables and consumptionaffect the Hosting Capacity. Several case studies using real production andconsumption measurements are presented. Focus is on how the permitted amountof renewables can be extended by means of storage, curtailment and advanceddistributed protection and control schemes.Användningen av el från förnyelsebara energikällor som vind och sol kommer att påverka elnätet, som sätter en gräns för hur mycket distribuerad energiproduktion som kan anslutas. Investeringar i storskalig energilager och användning av modern kommunikationsteknologi gör det möjligt att öka andelen förnyelsebarenergi genom att nätet kan drivas närmare sina gränser. Elnät med sådana nya tekniker kallas ofta för ”Smarta Elnät". Implementering av sådana smarta elnät kan vara ett alternativ till traditionell nätplanering och åtgärder som utbyte av transformatorer eller konstruktion av nya kraftledningen.Nätets acceptansgräns är ett objektivt mått för att bestämma gränsen för nätets förmåga att integrera ny förbrukning eller produktion. Målet är att skapa större transparens och bidra till ett bättre faktaunderlag i diskussioner mellan nätoperatörer och ägare av distribuerade energiresurser. Denna avhandling utökar acceptansgränsmetoden för tillämpning med energilager och produktions nedstyrning och utvecklar ytterligare begrepp så som acceptansgränsen koefficienten.Forskningen visar hur varierbarheten hos olika förnyelsebara energikällor samverkar med förbrukningen och påverkar nätets acceptansgräns. Flera fallstudier från verkliga elnät och med uppmätt produktion och konsumtion presenteras. Fokus är på hur den tillåtna mängden förnyelsebara energikällor kan ökas med hjälp av energilagring, kontrollerad produktionsnedstyrning och med avancerad distribuerade skydd och kontroll applikationer.Godkänd; 2012; Bibliografisk uppgift: Nicholas Etherden works at STRI AB (www.stri.se) in Gothenburg, Sweden. When he is not pursuing his half-time PhD studies he works as a specialist consultant in the field of Power Utility Automation, specialising on the IEC 61850 standard for power utility automation (today widely used in substations as well as some wind parks, hydro plants and DER and Smart Grid applications such as vehicle-to-grid integration). The author of this thesis received his Master of Science in Engineering Physics from Uppsala University 2000. Side tracks during his engineering studies included studies in theoretical philosophy, chemistry, ecology and environmental sciences as well as chairing the Swedish student committee of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and Worlds Affairs and later board member of the International Network of Engineers and of Scientists for Global Responsibility (INES) and chair of Swedish Scientists and Engineers Against Nuclear Arms. He has been a trainee at ABB in Västerås Sweden and spent six years as developer and team leader for the application development of a new relay protection family (ABB IED 670 series). In parallel to his professional work he studied power system engineering at Mälardalens University and travelled to all continents of the world. Since 2008 he is responsible for the STRI IEC 61850 Independent Interoperability Laboratory and a member of IEC Technical Committee 57 working group 10 "Power system communication and associated data models” and UCA/IEC 61850 User group testing subcommittee. He is co-author of IEC 61850-1 and main contributor to “Technical Report on Functional Test of IEC 61850 systems” and has held over 25 hands-on courses around the world on IEC 61850 “Communication networks and systems for power utility automation”.; 20120514 (niceth); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Energiteknik/Energy Engineering Examinator: Professor Math Bollen, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Professor Sami Repo, Tampere University of Technology, Finland Tid: Onsdag den 13 juni 2012 kl 10.00 Plats: Hörsal A, campus Skellefteå, Luleå tekniska universitetSmartGrid Energilage

Aktivitet: Substation Automation with IEC 61850

Evenemang (konferens etc): Substation Automation with IEC 61850 : Hands-on training course 19/10/2011 - 21/10/2011; Startdatum: 19/10/2011; Slutdatum: 21/10/2011; Roll: Organisatör; Typ: Organiserade av och deltagande i konferenser, workshops, kurser, seminarier - Organiserande av och deltagande i konferen

Aktivitet: Substation Automation with IEC 61850

Evenemang (konferens etc): Substation Automation with IEC 61850 : Hands-on training course 19/10/2011 - 21/10/2011; Startdatum: 19/10/2011; Slutdatum: 21/10/2011; Roll: Organisatör; Typ: Organiserade av och deltagande i konferenser, workshops, kurser, seminarier - Organiserande av och deltagande i konferen

Öka acceptansgränsen för förnyelsebaraenergikällor med hjälp av lagring och kommunikation i smarta elnät

This thesis develops methods to increase the amount of renewable energy sources that can be integrated into a power grid. The assessed methods include i) dynamic real-time assessment to enable the grid to be operated closer to its design limits; ii) energy storage and iii) coordinated control of distributed production units. Power grids using such novel techniques are referred to as “Smart Grids”. Under favourable conditions the use of these techniques is an alternative to traditional grid planning like replacement of transformers or construction of a new power line. Distributed Energy Resources like wind and solar power will impact the performance of the grid and this sets a limit to the amount of such renewables that can be integrated. The work develops the hosting capacity concept as an objective metric to quantify the ability of a power grid to integrate new production. Several case studies are presented using actual hourly production and consumption data. It is shown how the different variability of renewables and consumption affect the hosting capacity. The hosting capacity method is extended to the application of storage and curtailment. The goal is to create greater comparability and transparency, thereby improving the factual base of discussions between grid operators, electricity producers and other stakeholders on the amount and type of production that can be connected to a grid.Energy storage allows the consumption and production of electricity to be decoupled. This in turn allows electricity to be produced as the wind blows and the sun shines while consumed when required. Yet storage is expensive and the research defines when storage offers unique benefits not possible to achieve by other means. Focus is on comparison of storage to conventional and novel methods.As the number of distributed energy resources increase, their electronic converters need to provide services that help to keep the grid operating within its design criteria. The use of functionality from IEC Smart Grid standards, mainly IEC 61850, to coordinate the control and operation of these resources is demonstrated in a Research, Development and Demonstration site. The site contains wind, solar power, and battery storage together with the communication and control equipment expected in the future grids.Together storage, new communication schemes and grid control strategies allow for increased amounts of renewables into existing power grids, without unacceptable effects on users and grid performance.Avhandlingen studerar hur existerande elnät kan ta emot mer produktion från förnyelsebara energikällor som vindkraft och solenergi. En metodik utvecklas för att objektivt kvantifiera mängden ny produktion som kan tas emot av ett nät. I flera fallstudier på verkliga nät utvärderas potentiella vinster med energilager, realtids gränser för nätets överföringsförmåga, och koordinerad kontroll av småskaliga energiresurser. De föreslagna lösningarna för lagring och kommunikation har verifierats experimentellt i en forskning, utveckling och demonstrationsanläggning i Ludvika.Godkänd; 2014; Bibliografisk uppgift: Nicholas Etherden är industridoktorand på STRI AB i Göteborg. Vid sidan av doktoreringen har Nicholas varit aktiv som konsult inom kraftsystemsautomation och Smarta Elnät. Hans specialitet är IEC 61850 standarden för kommunikation inom elnät, vindkraftparker och distribuerad generering. Författaren har en civilingenjörsexamen i Teknisk fysik från Uppsala Universitet år 2000. Under studietiden läste han även kurser i kemi, miljökunskap och teoretisk filosofi. Han var under studietiden ordförande för Student Pugwash Sweden och ledamot International Network of Engineers and of Scientists for Global Responsibility (INES). Efter studietiden var han ordförande i Svenska Forskare och Ingenjörer mot Kärnvapen (FIMK). Han började sin professionella bana som trainee på ABB i Västerås där han spenderade sex år som utvecklare och grupp ledare för applikationsutvecklingen i ABB reläskydd. I parallell till arbete har han läst elkraft vid Mälardalenshögskola. År 2008 började han på STRI AB som ansvarig för dess IEC 61850 interoperabilitetslab. Han är på uppdrag av Svenska Kraftnät aktiv i ENTSO-E IEC 61850 specificeringsarbete och svensk representant i IEC tekniska kommitté 57, arbetsgrupp 10 som förvaltar IEC 61850 standarden. Han har hållit över 30 kurser i IEC 61850 standarden i fler än 10 länder.; 20140218 (niceth); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Nicholas Etherden Ämne: Elkraftteknik/Electric Power Engineering Avhandling: Increasing the Hosting Capacity of Distributed Energy Resources Using Storage and Communication Opponent: Professor Joao A Peças Lopes, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Portugal Ordförande: Professor Math Bollen, Avd för energivetenskap, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Måndag den 24 mars 2014, kl 09.00 Plats: Hörsal A, Campus Skellefteå, Luleå tekniska universitetSmartGrid Energilage

IEC 61850 independent multivendor interoperability testing for Scandinavian utilities

The main objective of the IEC 61850 standard for power utility automation communication is to “provide a framework to achieve interoperability between the Intelligent Electronic Devices supplied from different suppliers” [1]. Many users expect conformance tested devices to be “plug and play” with no interoperability issues. Present experience however shows that conformance testing only reduces the number of interoperability issues and additional measures are needed to ensure cooperation of multi-vendor devices. This article is about key issues involved with creating a test facility for interoperability testing of IEC 61850 devices and systems involving different vendors. A testing strategy to ensure interoperability is presented.Upprättat; 2008; 20111216 (niceth

Multiple distribution networks hosting capacity assessment using a stochastic approach

About 15 000-customers are connected to the individual secondary distribution networks supplied through 48-medium voltage 10 kV radial feeders. The hosting capacity assessment uses the end-customer voltage magnitude rise and transformer thermal overload. The hosting capacity is estimated by applying the “stochastic mixed aleatory-epistemic method” to determine the voltage magnitude rise and load flow with solar PV. The minimum power consumption is compared with the solar PV power infeed through the individual transformers. The hosting capacity estimation is done for three-phase connected solar PV sizes from 3 to 18 kW. At moderate PV penetration (25%–50%), the results showed that overvoltage would limit the hosting capacity more often than overload, but it becomes an issue only for LV networks studied with more than 8-customers. Considering all LV networks, most of the customers could install 6 kWp. Even when installing PV systems of 18 kWp (about twice the average size today and about the maximum area of a typical residential roof), two-thirds of houses would not need an upgrade to withstand SS-EN 50160 voltage limits. The latter customers can connect solar PV units with 18 kWp size without overvoltage or overload issues.Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-11-08 (marisr);License fulltext: CC BY</p

IEC 61850 – for much more than substations

IEC61850 is a standardized concept for information handling and communication for power utility automation. It is NOT just another protocol. IEC 61850 is today being expanded to apply to many domains beyond the original scope of the substation. Figure 1 illustrates the Expansion of IEC 61850 world to both control centre communication and modelling of communication with renewable energy resources.Godkänd; 2010; Bibliografisk uppgift: Nicholas Etherden from STRI has a MSc in Engineering Physics from Uppsala University in Sweden, 2001 and is currently an industrial postgraduate student at Luleå University of Technology. He has several years experience from the development of a new IED family for IEC 61850 as application engineer, project manager and product marketing manager at ABB. Since 2008 he is responsible for the STRI IEC 61850 Independent Interoperability Laboratory. He is active in the IEC 61850 standardisation work and member of IEC TC 57 working group 10 and UCA Iug testing subcommittee; 20111216 (niceth

The use of battery storage for increasing the hosting capacity of the grid for renewable electricity production

This paper defines a step-by-step systematic decision making process to define operant conditions and applications for which battery storage is an option for electrical power grids. The set of rules is based on a number of research studies performed by the authors focusing mainly on sub-transmission grids. Battery storage is expensive so the focus in this paper is on comparing storage with other ways of achieving the same increase in the hosting capacity (HC) of grid. The approach is to find niche applications for which battery storage has unique advantages i.e. it provides a unique alternative for grid operator planning, which is unachievable in other ways. The first step is to assess the grid’s capacity to host new loads or production. This constitutes a baseline for evaluation of improvements from storage. The next step is to define applications for battery energy storage. Integrating new loads/production without increasing the hosting capacity may result in reduced performance and ultimately loss of production or consumption. The cost and severity of exceeding the hosting capacity will also affect the type of solution required. After this define the conventional planning solutions that would be adopted without storage option available. Such measures may include upgrading of transformer or construction of new power line. Curtailment, tariff based incentives or contracted load shedding as well as techniques like dynamic line rating can also be included in the comparison at this stage. Based on assessments of these alternatives it is possible to compare increase in hosting capacity with and without storage as well as comparing gains with storage to what can be achieved with conventional grid planning options or other novel methods. It is also important to investigate the regulatory framework and constraints regarding ownership and operation of a battery energy storage. Should the grid operator own the battery storage? Or should the task be outsourced on a service contract or the service purchased in the market place? Storage capacity may only be utilized during certain periods. Can all or part of the storage capacity or the power electronic inverters perform additional functions and increase the return on investment for the installation? Regulatory aspects regarding the possibilities for different actors to pursue such additional income streams should be included in the assessment to correctly determine the return of investment of battery storage.The final step should include control algorithm development, tested in a flexible but realistic environment and should establish whether the system actually delivers the predicted outcomes when exposed to real-time data. This may require building a pilot installation as a research and development activity before commercial deployment.Godkänd; 2014; 20131205 (niceth)SmartGrid Energilage

The use of battery storage for increasing the hosting capacity of the grid for renewable electricity production

This paper defines a step-by-step systematic decision making process to define operant conditions and applications for which battery storage is an option for electrical power grids. The set of rules is based on a number of research studies performed by the authors focusing mainly on sub-transmission grids. Battery storage is expensive so the focus in this paper is on comparing storage with other ways of achieving the same increase in the hosting capacity (HC) of grid. The approach is to find niche applications for which battery storage has unique advantages i.e. it provides a unique alternative for grid operator planning, which is unachievable in other ways. The first step is to assess the grid’s capacity to host new loads or production. This constitutes a baseline for evaluation of improvements from storage. The next step is to define applications for battery energy storage. Integrating new loads/production without increasing the hosting capacity may result in reduced performance and ultimately loss of production or consumption. The cost and severity of exceeding the hosting capacity will also affect the type of solution required. After this define the conventional planning solutions that would be adopted without storage option available. Such measures may include upgrading of transformer or construction of new power line. Curtailment, tariff based incentives or contracted load shedding as well as techniques like dynamic line rating can also be included in the comparison at this stage. Based on assessments of these alternatives it is possible to compare increase in hosting capacity with and without storage as well as comparing gains with storage to what can be achieved with conventional grid planning options or other novel methods. It is also important to investigate the regulatory framework and constraints regarding ownership and operation of a battery energy storage. Should the grid operator own the battery storage? Or should the task be outsourced on a service contract or the service purchased in the market place? Storage capacity may only be utilized during certain periods. Can all or part of the storage capacity or the power electronic inverters perform additional functions and increase the return on investment for the installation? Regulatory aspects regarding the possibilities for different actors to pursue such additional income streams should be included in the assessment to correctly determine the return of investment of battery storage.The final step should include control algorithm development, tested in a flexible but realistic environment and should establish whether the system actually delivers the predicted outcomes when exposed to real-time data. This may require building a pilot installation as a research and development activity before commercial deployment.Godkänd; 2014; 20131205 (niceth)SmartGrid Energilage